Measles
Measles, sometimes called rubeola, is a childhood infection caused by a virus. It spreads easily and can cause serious illness or even death in small children. Over the past 2 decades measles transmission in the US has been low, but rates have risen recently due to vaccine hesitancy leading parents to opt out of recommended vaccines.
Recognizing Measles
Measles symptoms appear 7-14 days after exposure to the virus, and symptoms typically include high fever (over 104°), dry cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. The rash associated with measles appears within 3-5 days after the first symptoms. Inside the mouth, tiny white spots called Koplik spots may appear. On the body, flat red spots appear on the face beginning at the hairline and spreading downward to the neck, trunk, arms, legs, and feet. These spots may become joined together as the rash spreads. Sometimes it may be helpful to view photos of measles rashes to help recognize it.
Call your provider immediately if you suspect you or your child have been exposed to measles.
Preventing Measles
Measles is highly contagious and is spread when an infected person sneezes, coughs, or talks. Infectious droplets can stay in the air for an hour and can stay on surfaces, like doorknobs and countertops, for several hours. The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine's two doses are 97% effective in preventing measles and protecting against it for life. Wash your hands and use standard household disinfectants on commonly used surfaces to protect yourself and your family. Almost 90% of people unvaccinated against measles will become infected if exposed to the virus.
Complications of Measles
Some individuals are at higher risk of measles complications, including children under 5 years old, adults over 20 years old, pregnant women, and people with compromised immune systems can have severe complications. Ear infections affect 1 in 10 children with measles, and diarrhea can also occur. Severe complications include pneumonia (infection of the lungs) and encephalitis (swelling of the brain), both of which are fatal without medical intervention. Measles can cause pregnant women to give birth prematurely or have a low-birth-weight baby.
Long-term complications, known as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a very rare, but fatal disease that results from a measles virus infection acquired in early life. Infection before age 2 increases the likelihood of SSPE. Prevention through vaccination and early treatment are key to preventing complications.
Ensure your household is protected by getting yourself and your children vaccinated against measles. Learn more about measles here:
- Measles – Mayo Clinic
- MMR Vaccine – KidsHealth
- Updated vaccine schedules for children under 18 years old, and adults over 19 years old.